American Presidents: James Madison

James Madison:

4th President of the United States (1809-1817)

• Thomas Jefferson refused to run for a third term. Rather, he chose to endorse Madison and George Clinton.


• Because of Jefferson's embargo of all goods from England and France, the country was in economic trouble. The New England states had openly discussed seceding from the Union.


• The Federalists attacked Madison as a physically weak and incapable of running the country. It took Jefferson to persuade many Democratic-Republicans from straying into the Federalist camp.


• By the time the election was held, Madison was the clear victor by a wide margin. He won the presidency with 122 electoral votes going for him vs. 44 votes for Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina. Even though George Clinton had been chosen to run as vice president, he had broke with the camp before the election and declared his own candidacy for president. He was only able to garnish 6 votes from his home state.

• Domestic Issues

Most domestic issues took a back seat to the foreign affairs that plagued Madison's terms in office. The single most important issue for Madison was the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. Madison was fundamentally opposed to the idea of the United States government having its hands in the banking system. But because of the War of 1812, Madison was forced to consider how difficult it was to fund a war without the banks assistance. The charter of the Bank of the United States was allowed to expire. But by 1816, with Madison's support, the second Bank of the United States was chartered with a 20 year term. Many opponents to the bank, and to Madison, used this as a way to expose Madison's supposed Federalist leanings.

• Foreign Issues

Madison was forced to deal with trade issues between France and England. Unfortunately the issues were complicated and cannot be dealt with here. Click here for more information.

Congress voted to declare war on Britain on June 18, 1812. Madison considered this war a "second war of independence" against Britain. Madison's major objectives was to take all of Florida from the Spanish, put down Indian uprisings in the northwest, and to invade Canada. This move was not successful. Because of the tremendous British support, the invasion of Canada was a disaster. American troops had surrendered in Detroit, were defeated in New York, and much of the northwest was under British control.

By 1813 the war had managed to take a turn for the better for Madison. Thanks to William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson, the U.S. had managed to gain the upper hand in their fight against the Indians. A victory over the British fleet at Lake Erie helped to turn the tide against the British as well.

The British defeated Napoleon and were now able to turn their attention completely on the states. They raided American ports up and down the East coast. The British troops managed to ransack Washington D.C. and burned the White House to the ground.

Even though the war was fierce and bloody, in the end the United States was victorious . In the process they managed to minimize the threat of Indians in the northwest. Madison became somewhat of a victorious wartime president and the country became swelled with national pride after winning what it considered to be the second revolutionary war. Because of the victory and following circumstances, the Federalist party was doomed as a national political force.

Madison died on June 28, 1836. He was the last Founding Father to pass away.

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American Presidents: Thomas Jefferson

There is a plethora of information concerning Thomas Jefferson. He was not a simple man, nor one that can be figured out in one blog post. In certain things, he seemed to contradict himself (e.g. his beliefs of slavery and equality). He lived a very rich life, and was schooled in many things. There is no denying is effect on the birth of this great nation and his continued influence of how America should work.

• Born on April 13, 1743; He was the third of eight children. His family was very well educated and Thomas studied Latin, Greek, and French before he was nine years old. (on a very personal and subjective note-we are so worried about the "developement of our youth" these days that this would more than likely be considered abuse.")



• Jefferson's dad died when he was fourteen. He inherited 5000 acres he called Monticello.



• He was interested and schooled in philosophy, mathematics, and metaphysics.



• After graduating from William and Mary College, he worked as a lawyer in Colonial Virginia.



• Monticello was a source of great pride and great stress for Jefferson. He designed his house and filled it with his own inventions. It was the first home to have an automatic door and a swivel chair designed by Jefferson himself. It took more than 40 years to build the mansion and left him deeply in debt by the time he died. After Jefferson's death his possessions were auctioned off and the house was sold to James T. Barclay for $7000 (about $140,000 in todays money). Barclay tried to grow silkworms on the plantation but failed. He put the house for sale two years later. Uriah P. Levy bought the house in 1834 and upon his death bequeathed the house to the government as long as certain conditions were met. During the Civil War, the Confederacy seized the property and sold it. After the war, the government refused the terms of Levy. After years of litigation, Jefferson Monroe Levy retain rights to the property in 1879. In 1923 he sold Monticello to the Thomas Jefferson foundation who maintains the rights this day.



• Because of the trememdous labor needed for his estate and the debt it caused, Jefferson had over 600 slaves during the course of his life. Compared to other slave owners, he did treat his slaves with a certain amount of respect and dignity.



• When it comes to a discussion of slavery, Jefferson seems to be contradictory in both his actions and his words.

Jefferson,, during the course of his life felt strongly in "certain unalienable rights" that all men had. He fought vigorously to end the slave trade, which he did during his presidency. Although he owned over 600 slaves, there is evidence to suggest that this caused him consternation. He would have liked to free his slaves, but since he found himself in a state of financial indebtednous, was never able to.

It is rumoured (and most evidence substantiates the claim) that Jefferson had an affair his, slave Sally Hemings, after his wife died. She is said to have had several his children. Jefferson is said to have publicy stated that the concept of whites and blacks having relations was wrong. Consider the following quote regarding his ideas interracial marriages:
"The amalgamation of whites and blacks produces a degredation to which no lover of his country, no lover of excellence in the human character can innocently concent."

• After the British Parliament passed the "Coercive Acts" Jefferson wrote "A Summary View of the Rights of British America. In it, he argued that the Colonies had the natural right to govern themselves. This article proved to be the framework for Amerca arguing its independence form Great Britian.



• 1776-selected to write the first draft of the Declaration of Independence. After omitting over a quarter of the original draft, the Congress of approved.



• 1776-Elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. While there he drafted 126 bills in 3 years. Including bills that established freedom of religion, eliminating primogeniture, and eliminating capital punishment.



• 1779-1781-Governor of Virginia. During this time Virginia was invaded twice. Once by Benedict Arnold, and once by General Charles Conrwallis. Jefferson, dissappointed with the reforms at his alma mater William and Mary College, created the University of Virginia.



• 1783-Elected to the Congress of the Confederation by the state of Virginia.



• 1790-93 Served as Secratary of State under George Washington. It was at this point that he began arguing with Alexander Hamilton over fiscal policy. Hamilton believed that the states should share the cost of war (Revolution) equally. Jefferson believed that each state should be responsible for their own debt. He was an outspoken opponent to Federalism. During this time Jefferson, and James Madison created the Democratic-Republican Party. Interestingly enough, this was the forrunner to the modern day Democratic party, even though one would be hard pressed to find much correlation between the two (strictly my opinion).



• 1796-lost to John Adams for the presidency, but had enough electoral votes to become his vice-president. It was during this time frame that Jefferson began his fued with Adams. During the Quasi-War, Adams built up a strong military force, created new taxes, and enacted the Aliens and Seditions Act of 1798. Jefferson took offense to the act and said it was a direct attack against him and his party. Jefferson along with James Madison countered the act by anonymously writing the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which argued for states rights.



• 1801-1809-Elected as third president of the United States. Jefferson actually tied with Aaron Burr in the electoral college and the election was left in the hands of the House of Representatives. The House was heavily controlled by Federalists with Alexander Hamilton being at the forefront. Hamilton argued that Jefferson would be the lessor of the two evils towards the Federalists, and after a lengthy debate, the presidency was given to Jefferson. Jefferson became critical of Burr after his refusal to remove himself rom consideration and dropped him from the ticket in his second term. Burr's duel with Hamilton was the final straw.

Still, Jefferson's election was controversial. His critics pointed out that the majority of his electoral votes came from southern states. The South had "inflated" electoral votes because of the slave holdings which meant that most of his votes came from people who were denied the right to vote. He was called by some the "Negro President".

• Repealed many of the taxes that had been put into place.



• Freed people who had been imprisoned by the Aliens and Sedition Act.



• Began and won the First Barbary War



• Created the United States Military Academy at Westpoint in 1802.



• Made the Louisiana Purchase from France, which grew the United States territory by almost 25%.



• Ordered Aaron Burr tried for treason



• In another apparent contradiction to his beliefs, signed a law prohibiting blacks from carrying U.S. Mail.



• In his second term, signed into law a bill that making slave importation illegal.

Thomas Jefferson died at his residence on July 4th 1826, just a few hours earlier than John Adams. Jefferson was an intelligent, complicated man. This blog cannot do justice to someone that has had such an impact on this nation. I encourage everyone to do thier own research of our founding fathers. Thanks for reading! Again I encourage you to leave a comment!

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American Presidents Part 2: John Adams

Today is the second in a series chronicling the good and the bad of American presidents. My goal is to present an unbiased histography of the man and the president. I am trying very hard to maintain objectiveness in my assessment of each man. For the most part, I am finding it most effective to use bullet points to accomplish this task.








John Adams

• Born in 1735 in Braintree Province of Massachusetts to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He was the oldest of three brothers. He can date his ancestry back to Henry Adams, who was an original immigrant in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638.





• He was heavily influenced by his Puritan ancestry. He felt that they were "bearers of freedom" and felt very strongly to live up to their fight for freedom from tyranny.





• Adams began attending Harvard at the age of 16. His father had expected him to become a minister, but after much reflection Adams decided to become a lawyer.





• At the age of 28, Adams married Abigail Smith, the daughter of a Congregational (Puritan) minister. They had six children-Abigail, John Quincy, Susanna, Charles, Thomas Boylston, and Elizabeth (stillborn).

• Adams was a major opponent of the stamp act of 1765 . He made the argument that the beliefs of his ancestors, the Puritans, were the driving force behind the opposition to the stamp act. He believed that the stamp act deprived the colonists of basic human rights. In this case, those human rights consisted of not being taxed without consent and being judged by a jury of their peers.




• As a lawyer, John Adams defended the British soldiers accused of firing into a crowd in Boston, MA. This event has since came to be known as the Boston Massacre. He was afraid that defending the soldiers would hurt his reputation, however his belief in basic humans rights and the right to a fair trial, far outweighed any fear he had of his reputation. Because of his defense, six of the soldiers were acquitted and two were found guilty of manslaughter. He received very little payment for his services from the soldiers.


• 1776-Wrote Thoughts on Government which many believe heavily influenced New England state constitutions.


• Although Thomas Jefferson was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence, Adams was part of the committee that helped draft it.


• Massachusetts's state constitution was largely written by Adams


• Adams never owned slaves. Him and Abigail employed free blacks to work on their plantation. Adams, however did argue against the emancipation of slaves in Massachusetts and thought that the subject of slavery should stay out of national politics. He also opposed the use of blacks in the revolution. I have not been able to find any information why he held such a stance, and why he was so adamant about it.


• Served as Vice-President during George Washington's two terms in office.


• 1796-Adams ran for president as the Federalist Party candidate. He won the presidency over Thomas Jefferson by a very narrow electoral college victory (71-98).


• Adams was never implicated in any type of scandal. His personal life and his public life was one of virtue and respect.


• Adams had many political struggles during his presidency. He was undercut by his own party and made many political enemies. He made every effort to practice George Washington's recommendation in not getting involved in foreign affairs. This became difficult when the French began attacking American merchant ships. After much negotiation, he was able to sign a treaty with Napoleon that in essence kept America out of any entanglements in the war between Britain and France.


• Adams lost his bid for a second term to Thomas Jefferson (democratic-republican). Most historians point to Alexander Hamilton and the "High Federalists" for undermining his campaign. The political landscape had shifted in the Senate and in the Parties. Because of Jefferson's tremendous popularity, Hamilton's backstabbing, and Aaron Burr's politicking John Adams stood no chance.


• Because of the rift between Jefferson and Adams, he did not attend Jefferson's inauguration ceremony.


• John Adams died on July 4, 1826, the same day as Thomas Jefferson. He held the record of being the oldest living past president until his record was broken by Ronald Reagan in 2001.


• Adams was raised in the Congregational Church but later embraced the beliefs of the Unitarian Church. He was influenced by Deist teaching and did not Believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ or that God intervened in the day to day activities of mankind. Adams did however, carry the up most respect for Christianity as the only religion of the ancient world that was full of "wisdom, virtue, equity, and humanity."

I look forward to hearing your thoughts and comments.

major source for this post can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams

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American President: Part 1

Today, I am going to start a series of posts that will chronicle the good, the bad, and the ugly of this nation's presidents. I have heard many people say how bad this president was or how great that president was. Normally their ideas and critiques are based on their specific political slant. I intend to be as non-partisan as possible during these posts. I want to portray a true picture of how different presidents confronted problems and how they failed in office. Of course this is and will be hard to do, considering how revisionists change history to fit into the box they want to fill. I look forward to writing these articles and look forward to hearing your comments.





George Washington 1789-1797



George Washington is one of those presidents that is hard to find negative things about. He has been so idolized over the course of the past two-hundred years, that there is ne'r a bad word to be found.

Early Years

• Was raised on his parents plantation in Colonial Beach Virginia.
• Had smallpox
• Initiated as a Freemason (on of the most influential aspects of his life. The Masons were a driving force in his life and influenced all major decisions in his life)
• He worked as a surveyor, and a planter
• Became a major in the Virginia Militia at the age of 20 with no prior experience
• Fought in the French and Indian War.

Between Wars

• Washington Married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy widow that increased Washington's wealth by adding one third of 18,000 acres. Some historians have made the claim that Washington was actually in love with another woman by the name of Sally Fairfax. In any case George and Martha made a good marriage and were married for many years
• Washington lived an aristocratic lifestyle. He was very fond of fox hunting. He also (like many other plantation owners) imported very expensive British goods and luxuries.
• He grew mostly tobacco on his plantation which was exported to England, but realized that tobacco was a very volatile crop. He was smart enough to switch to wheat which was easily sold in the Colonies and avoided the sever economic swings that the tobacco crop caused.
• Washington stayed mostly out of politics or military concerns until 1774 when the passage of the "Intolerable Acts". In August of 1774, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention and was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress.

Revolutionary War

• On the Nomination of John Adams, Washington was appointed Major General and Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.
• The Revolutionary war is perhaps the best known part of Washington's life. It will not be covered in detail here. If you would like to learn more about the Revolutionary War and Washington's role in it, click here.

Presidency

• The only president ever voted unanimously to the office by the electoral college.
• Preferred the title "Mr. President" over more pompous names, like King.
• Initially declined a salary for his position as president but later accepted it so people would not perceive the presidency as an office that can only be held by the rich.
• Enacted the "Militia Act of 1792" which was the first time that the Federal Government used military force over the states.
• Reluctantly served a second term as president but refused to serve anymore. Washington did not want be thought of as someone unwilling to give up the power he yielded.
• At his Farewell Speech, Washington brought up many points including not making long term alliances, not getting involved with European affairs, and avoiding foreign influence in American affairs.

Later Years

• Very happily retired from public office back to his plantation
• Created one of the biggest distilleries in the United States at the time creating whisky and other alcoholic drinks
• When it seemed possible that America might have to go to war against France, President John Adams named Washington Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief of the armies raised if war was needed. (1798)
• Washington died on December 14, 1799 after developing pneumonia.
• During Washington's lifetime he had accumulated over 100 slaves to manage his plantation. In his will, he emancipated all of his slaves and gave them their freedom.

In future posts, I plan on making a biographical sketch such as this one. I hope to state the negative aspects of a president's term as well as the positive. Unlike this post, I will most likely try to concentrate on what a president did during his term or terms in office. I felt it important to give so much time for Washington since he was the first.

I look forward to any opinions that you may have on this post or any future posts. If you feel I have omitted important details please let me know. Also, if you feel I have been biased in any way, please let me know as well.

Blessings.

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